Political Ecology and Water Resources

Introduction Many people would attest that access to water is an intrinsic human right. The rationale is that majority of the earth’s surface is composed of water. However, over 90% of the water is in the seas and oceans leaving only about 3% of water for human consumption. As such, competition for the resource is on the increase as countries embrace technology in agriculture and production of electricity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Ecology and Water Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2003, the United Nation noted that over 2.4 billion people across the world had no access to clean water and proper sanitation. The international body emphasized on the need to reduce the number tremendously by 2010. Although many governments and organization were of the same opinion, it became apparent that competition for the resources is increasing among communities. The chronicle is particularly common in South America. In Bolivia, ‘water wars’ are common among the indigenous communities (McCarthy 24). Specifically, a dispute emerged in 1999 in the village of Qolque Khoya. The village faces severe water shortage despite hosting various tribes whose primary occupation is cultivation through irrigation. Historically, the communities have depended on natural streams and locally made reservoirs to access water for irrigation and domestic use (Walker 382). In addition, the communities depend hugely on local organizations known as Sindicatos to manage the water resources in the entire village. Following the need for increased farming activities by the indigenous communities, international organizations and NGOs embarked on a plan to build a larger reservoir. Many communities welcomed the idea although it later sparked violent conflicts amongst the indigenous communities. Other conflicts such as Chochahamba water conflict of 2000 have been common across the country (A lurralde 37). This paper seeks to analyze the water wars in Bolivia using various concepts of political ecology. Description of Political Ecology Political ecology refers to a sub-discipline of ecological science that analyzes environmental issues in the light of politics, economics and sociological factors. It shifts away from disciplinary dualism that has characterized rationalizations of society-nature relations and seeks to incorporate all factors that result from environmental issues. From its inception, Perreault says that political ecology aims at uncovering ways that political and economic factors shape the environment (153). Besides, it also explains how ecological factors influence the social, political and economic domains (Robbins 41). As such, political ecology assumes a multidisciplinary approach in analyzing power relations that typify economic and political institutions and their effect on the environment (Cleaver 15).Advertising Looking for essay on environment al studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social factors and concepts such as gender disparities are also critical aspects of the discipline. Political ecology explains how ecological factors could influence ways that communities interact and how they acquire knowledge on matters pertaining to the environment (Robbins 44). It is important to highlight that the discipline differs from other natural and social scientific disciplines in the sense that it incorporates philosophical concepts when explaining the effects and causes of social change and justice. Throughout this paper, the concepts that are core to the discipline of political ecology will facilitate the analysis of water wars that have typified communities in the rural areas of Bolivia. Besides, the paper will explore various effects of the competition for the water resource within the country’s indigenous communities. Water Wars in Bolivia and Political Ecology An alysis As indicated above, the construction of a major reservoir in Qolque Khoya was not an immediate cause of conflict amongst the indigenous communities. Nonetheless, the increase of water brought about new laws and rules of allocating the resource. The new principles through which the water resource could be allocated to different communities led to disquiet amongst them. Particularly, Qolque Khoya and Sankayani Bajo made an exclusive contract that was in favor of their respective tribesmen. This agreement did not favor other villages such as Sankayani Alto which in revolt, began to redirect the waters to its direction (Funder et al. 28). Citing the disruptions of water supply to the two villages, they sought the protection from local authorities as violence between the villages became apparent. When Sayankani Alto blocked the water supplies to Qolque Khoya, the poorest in the village suffered the most. Specifically, sub tribe of Tarugani that is even drier than the rest of Qolqu e Khoya lacked water. The rationale is that the sub tribe was never involved meaningfully during the negotiations by the Sindicato. Despite attempts to highlight their concerns in communities meetings, Tarugani remained marginalized making the poor to become even poorer than before. The rationale is that the wealthier sub tribes of Qolque Khoya had immense influence in the proceedings of the community meetings and negotiations. As such, the instance led to the reproduction of inequalities within the society. From a political ecology perspective, increased water wars reveal various underlying aspects of power relations. The better off communities continued to enjoy the resource due to their influence in political decision-making processes. In fact, the Sindicato was constituted by the well to do households who even incorporated relatives. This in turn results to skewed power relations between where one community lives at the mercy of the bigger and stronger community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Ecology and Water Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Funder et al explicate that the result is dependency relations and ultimately, inequalities within the Bolivian society (27). Research has shown that these types of relations are not mutually beneficial for all the parties involved since the ‘patrons’ rarely make decisions in favor of the weaker communities. As such, even when the legitimate authorities seek to maintain a degree of social justice to all tribes, the balance of power is highly skewed towards the communities where the authorities perceive to have higher stakes (Cleaver 16). In this case, the Sindicato will attempt to make political decisions at the expense of weaker communities such as the Tarugani since the Qolque Khoya is wealthy and powerful. While the weak and poor communities express concerns that the type of power relations within the communit y was risky, it is clear that they have no other option. In the case, it is apparent that the Tarugani villagers could not oppose the decision of the local authorities for fear of sanctions. Therefore, they have no other option other than supporting the local authorities as their ‘voice’ in the mainstream polity institution. This is not only a source of marginalization but also a source of political patronization. Greenberg and Thomas articulate that the poor communities whose economy is very dependent on irrigation cannot access enough water implying that cyclical effects and other forms of marginalization will continue to typify the society (3). Funder et al say that water, as resource is important in steering an economy and improve the health of the entire society (33). To this end, water wars in Bolivia have culminated into a situation of imbalanced power leading to a society that is full of inequalities. While this is true, it is important to consider other factors as gender disparities within the Bolivian societies. The country lags behind in enshrining laws that enhance equality among men and women. Women remain a sub section of the society that has suffered historical insubordination. With this in mind, women within Tarugani will continue to suffer due to the apparent dependency relations. The rationale is that the gender roles assign women with the responsibility of fetching water for domestic use. This leads to reduction of women in productive activities and denies them a right to access education. It is important to notice that the power relations that typify communities in Bolivia illustrate ways in which inequalities and disparities are created and reproduced (Rich 7). Considering that lack of equal power and wealth has marginalized Tarugani villagers, the fact that the community feels that they have no other option other than depending on the majority tribe serves to reproduce these inequities.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By following and supporting the discriminative local authorities rather than opposing its actions, Tarugani villagers are legitimizing the authority of the Sindicato even more. The result is structural inequalities that will continue to typify the community (McCarthy 47). Tarugani people would not even consider revolting against the Sindicato since the latter would not hesitate to impose sanction and certainly close the any room for any water projects in the area. The structural inequalities resulting from the dependency relations lead to the entrenchment of perceptions that the dominated community should continue to suffer under the whims of the larger communities. These dispositions create a pattern of insubordination and domination (Walker 383). This implies that the members of the dominated community will believe that they are in sufferance because of natural causes instead of attempting to challenge the dominance of the Qolque Khoya and the local authorities. This may lead to a llocation of natural resources in even a more discriminative way in future since the perceptions and dispositions will create a legitimate pattern of discrimination. This analysis facilitates the examination of water wars in Bolivia in a deterministic view. The analysis has highlighted various ways that the wars in not only Qolque Khoya but also other parts of the country lead to structural inequalities due to imbalanced power relations among the communities. Social and Economic Outcomes The above analysis provides insights on how environmental issues affect both social and economic spheres of Bolivian society. Apparently, the water wars among the actors bring about the socio-political aspect of power relations. The poor households have no voice in allocation of scarce water resources leading to dependency relations. This is because the better off households wields immense power enough to influence even the policy-making processes of the local authorities (Cleaver 20). Particularly, the poor households and communities avoid instances of risky conflicts and instead opt to support the status quo. Due to their vulnerability, they fear that any confrontation with the dominant community could trigger even more insubordination. The trend leads to entrenched perceptions, beliefs and attitudes that the patterns of domination are natural. In addition, the structural injustices and inequalities have also affected the gender relations between men and women. In poor households, the women suffer increased inequalities since Bolivia is a patriarchal society where women’s social roles include finding water for domestic use. As such, unfair allocation of water resources predisposes women to the risk of disengaging in productive and empowering activities. Economically, the communities at war due to water resources suffer the risk of decreased economic activity. Funder et al assert that the poor communities become under-productive owing to the apparent lack of distributi on of equitable resources (32). Besides, the economic policies that govern the water resources become skewed in the long term as the strong and influential communities influence the policy making process (Greenberg and Thomas 9). This implies that the economic productivity of the country reduces in the end and the poor communities stand to suffer insubordination even in terms of low productivity. Conclusion In sum, water is natural resource that occupies majority of our planet’s surface. Despite its abundance, only a mere percentage is disposable to humans for consumption, agriculture and other uses. As such, competition for the resource is typical in many parts of the world. In Bolivia, various communities have continued to fight for fair distribution of the resource. Political ecology therefore facilitates in explaining the effect of such competition on political, economic and social spheres (Rich 4). After analysis of water wars in Bolivia, it is clear that the competition for water can have various consequences. Particularly, better off communities dominate poor communities leading to structural inequalities that typify Qolque Khoya. This is because of imbalanced power relations that in turn result to dependency relations. As evident in the above case study, the poor communities suffer socially, economically and politically due to skewed policies that do not favor them. Works Cited Alurralde, Juan Carlos. â€Å"Crisis in Cochabamba,† Alternatives Journal 32.5(2006): 37-39. Print. Cleaver, Francis. â€Å"Re-inventing Institutions: Bricolage and the Social Embeddedness of Natural Resource Management.† The European Journal of Development Research 14.2 (2006): 11-30. Print. Funder, Michael et al. â€Å"Strategies of the poorest in local water conflict and cooperation-evidence from Vietnam, Bolivia and Zambia,† Water Alternatives 5.1(2012): 20-36. Print. Greenberg, James and Thomas, Park. â€Å"Political Ecology.† Journal of P olitical Ecology 1.1 (1994): 1-12. Print. McCarthy, James. â€Å"First World political ecology: lessons from the Wise Use movement.† Environment and planning 34.1 (2002): 1281-1302. Print. Perreault, Thomas. â€Å"From the Guerra Del Agua to the Guerra Del Gas: Resource governance, neoliberalism and popular protest in Bolivia,† Antipode 38.1(2006): 150-172. Print. Rich, Bruce. â€Å"Rights to water and privatization.† Environmental Forum 28.1 (2011): 1-13. Print. Robbins, Paul. Political Ecology: A critical introduction. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Print. Walker, Peter. â€Å"Political ecology: where is the policy?† Progress in Human Geography 30.3 (2006): 382-395. Print. This essay on Political Ecology and Water Resources was written and submitted by user Amanda Mcgee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog What You Should Read After FinishingDivergent

What You Should Read After FinishingDivergent Divergent took the young-adult fiction world by storm, spawning two sequels, three movies, and a TV series. If you enjoy dystopian stories riddled with romances, villainous government structures, and page-turning adventure, then you might enjoy these titles too. Legend by Marie Lu The Republic, once known as the United States, is a nation perpetually at war. June, a fifteen-year-old prodigy, has been groomed to join the military, which she does in a time of familial crisis. Her first mission is to hunt down Day, a rebellious teenager who is caught in unfortunate circumstances. After a surprising turn of events, June and Day end up working together to uncover the truth of their country and the secrets that hide within the government. Fast-paced and plot-driven, Legend does not disappoint adventure seekers. Uglies Series by Scott Westerfeld Tally Youngblood lives in a society where everyone is considered â€Å"ugly† until their sixteenth birthday, when they transform into a â€Å"pretty† through extreme cosmetic surgery. She eagerly awaits her birthday, when she will turn â€Å"pretty,† until she meets Shay. Shay plans to rebel against the operation, and chaos ensues when she disappears before her birthday operation. The authorities give Tally an ultimatum: to find Shay and betray her or never turn pretty at all. The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Thomas wakes up in an elevator with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He arrives in â€Å"the glade,† a world of around sixty teenage boys who have learned to survive in a completely enclosed environment. The group has been attempting to escape for two years now through a maze that surrounds their living space. They are just about to lose hope when a girl arrives in the elevator for the first time. With action-packed scenes and a thrilling game aspect, this story will hook readers from the very beginning. The City of Ember by Jeanee DuPrau Ember was created as the last refuge for humans- the only place with light. Past the city limits, there is only darkness. When Embers lights begin to fail, Lina Mayfleet believes she may be able to help her city. With her classmate Doon Harrow, she must race to figure out the clues before the lights go out. Brimming with government conspiracies, mysterious clues, and adventurous scenes, The City of Ember will interest all readers who enjoy mystery in a dystopian setting. Annihilation by Jeff VanderMeer Annihilation follows an expedition made up of four unnamed women- a biologist (our narrator), a psychologist, an anthropologist, and a surveyor- as they are sent to study and explore Area X. The secrets they discover within Area X and the secrets they keep from one another change everything. Delirium by Lauren Oliver In an alternate United States, everyone must undergo a procedure when they turn eighteen that eradicates any trace or feeling of love. It’s called â€Å"the cure,† as love is seen as a devastating sickness. Lena Haloway looks forward to a stable and safe life free of emotions. But with ninety-five days left until her treatment, Lena meets Alex, and they do the unthinkable: fall in love. The Giver by Lois Lowry The Giver focuses on Jonas, a twelve-year-old who lives in a seemingly perfect society. There are no conflicts, pain, or difficulties. Yet when he is given his assignment and instructed to learn from â€Å"the Giver,† Jonas discovers the darker secrets behind the fragile community he lives in. Be sure to check out the  Divergent summary and study guide with quotes, character analysis, and themes.

See Assignment Criteria Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See Assignment Criteria - Case Study Example The three elements are present in the given problem. First, the killing of Danni was unlawful. Based on the facts presented in the given problem, Sharon does not have any lawful reason to kill Danni. Second, Danni who is the victim in the given problem is a life in being. Finally, Danni could be liable for murder or manslaughter because her act of sending a mail bomb (though merely intended to frighten Gordon) actually caused or brought about the instant death of the victim Sharon. Thus, in R. v Smith (1959)2, where the victim was stabbed and died shortly afterwards, the fact that adequate medical care was not available could not be relied upon by the defendant, even though such care, if available, would probably have saved the victim's life. As long as the stab wound remained an operative cause of death, the defendant was guilty of murder. In the given problem, the mail bomb sent by Sharon was the operative cause of Danni's death. Hence, Sharon is criminally liable for Danni's death . In the case of R. v McFeely [1977] N.I. 149, the accused waited in a car while two men planted a bomb at an inn and carried out a robbery. After the two men warned the occupants that a bomb had been planted, the accused drove the two men away. As a result of the explosion, a police constable was killed. The accused was charged with murder and robbery. In its decision, the court held that the accused was not guilty of murder as although he knew the bomb was to be planted he also knew that a warning was to be given and that he didn't knew that it was probable that serious personal injury would result. Since the unlawful acts of the two men involved a risk of injury and as death had resulted, the accused was held guilty of manslaughter only. Applying McFeely, Sharon cannot be guilty of murder but for manslaughter only because even if Sharon knew the mail bomb was to be delivered to Gordon, death could not probably be the result as Sharon only intends to frighten Gordon. In R. v Loudon3, the accused drove a van containing a bomb into the premises of newspaper establishment. He shouted a warning before running off. When the bomb exploded, one was killed. The accused was charged with murder. He contended that there was no evidence that he intended to kill or cause serious injury to anyone and that no necessary mental element was present. The trial judge convicted the accused, holding that the accused knew that there would ensue from his actions a serious risk of death or grievous bodily harm to someone and with that knowledge deliberately drove the van into the loading bay with the intention of exposing someone to that risk. On appeal, it was held that when the accused drove the van into the loading bay and left it there, he knew it was probable that someone would be seriously injured or killed. In the given problem, Sharon could argue that she only intended to frighten Gordon and had no intention of inflicting any bodily harm or death. Thus, she could only be held guilty of manslaughter and not murder. In R. v Bateson4, the accused was only convicted of manslaughter and not murder because according to the court, to be guilty of murder a person must know that it is probable that as a result of his or her actions someone will suffer death or serious personal injury. In Bateson, the trial judge convicted the accused of murder holding that she knew that there w

Comparative Econ--Brazil and Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative Econ--Brazil and Japan - Assignment Example Since the two countries are nearly the same with strong economies (stable economies), it is therefore important to analyze the main distinguishing aspects of the two leading global economies. This paper will provide in depth comparative analysis of the two countries since the rise of Keynesian theory to the current economic and political standing of the two countries. Japan classifies among the world’s most stable economies. Japan is known for its rich history of producing high quality automobiles and electronic goods. Electronic products manufactured is Japan have positive reputation in the global market and make significant sales. In addition, vehicles produced by the Japanese automakers enjoy high recognition in the world market due to the low pricing, low consumption of fuel, easily accessed spare parts and general high quality of the cars. Brazil on the other hand ranks among the countries whose economy is growing at a remarkable. Essentially, Brazil is a member of the co llective developing countries classified under the BRICS acronym. Brazil’s economy has a rich history of expansive agricultural activities that mainly involve large-scale plantation of coffee for commercial purposes. Brazil is in effect the world’s leading producer and exporter of coffee. ... Japanese Political Environment before 2001 Between 1912 and 191, the political elite in Japan underwent through the period of Taisho occasioned with the monarchial rule under the perceived weak Prince Yoshihito. The political system of Japan in from 1912 to 1918 was under the rule of self-proclaimed leaders known as the genro. In between 1912 and 1918, Japan’s political system faced military threat intended to the influence the cabinet. With the progress of war in Europe, Japanese political system used the situation to extend its influence of boundary expansion into China. Between 1919 and 1926, the Japanese political system transformed to involve two party systems that encompassed the conservative party named Rikken Doshikai and the Pro democracy party named Seiyokai. The two parties worked in collaboration towards strengthening of Taisho democracy that nurtured the voting right of the citizens. Assassination assumed part of the Japanese politics with eventual murder of the f irst interparty Prime Minister Takashi Hara in 1921. Japanese political elite structured laws to bar formation and development of the Communist Party in 1923. The political elite feared that development of the Communist Party would result to the communism in the economy of the country. The period between 1927 and 1929 marked the beginning of the Showa period following the rise of Emperor Hirohito to power. Showa period also witnessed the beginning of a fading a fading democracy with two coalition parties practicing alternation in power. Japanese political system also faced shaky moments between 1930 and 1939 evidenced by increased military led killings and explosion. The national army also did assassinate Prime Minister Inukai with

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions Dissertation

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions - Dissertation Example The traditional exhibition industry has been altered with the addition of technological dynamics. Technology in this field has not only enhanced the emotional expression of art but also made networking more efficient. It has affected the way viewers observe and appreciate art and exhibitions. It has even widened the spectrum of viewers by creating the interest of more and more people. Advancements in technology offer many benefits to the museum industry but these benefits are accompanied by challenges as well. The plans of Minsheng Art Museum can shed some light on the impact of modern technology on its business. This impact may not necessarily be for the best and this will be analyzed later in the paper. Technology has greatly influenced our lifestyle and will continue to do so in the future; therefore, its impact cannot be ignored. Minsheng Art Museum has introduced several innovative methods in its business of exhibitions. These technological methods involve the use of Ipad, Itouc h and Iphone and their relevant applications. Moreover, the museum’s management has initiated contact with Apple to promote its business and Apple has orally assured its support. This cooperation will give birth to a fully digital art gallery that will include guidance system, app client software, on-line exhibitions and virtual exhibitions. This plan is still in the early stages therefore the precise details are unavailable. However, the museum has already started using official micro-blogging. The idea of using the cellular technology springs from the growing interactive relationship between the audience and their high-tech cell phones. The experience of art galleries and exhibitions can be encompassed in this user-phone interaction and that it how it will be promoted among cellular users. Cell phones have become more personal in nature in this modern day and age. Moreover, they do not just serve the purpose of establishing contact with fellow humans. Cell phones have now e ntered a whole new era where they have become high-tech machines. These machines hold great importance to their holders as they represent their personalities. Cell phones have become so advanced that they can even serve the purpose of a mini computer. All of these attributes make cell phones the ideal candidate to promote art and history. Museums have the opportunity to use this technology to provide their audience with a virtual experience of what they have to offer. Apple products have become extremely popular among the youth as it offers a wide range of applications. These applications present a great opportunity to exhibition curators. Museums can use these applications to spread their message. This message in turn promotes the museum and attracts more people. The museum has resorted to the use of online social media for marketing as well. Facebook and twitter could not be used in China so that is why the museum uses Weibo which is an online social media website like Facebook. T he museum promotes its exhibitions through Weibo. This is similar to the use â€Å"What’s app† in Iphone. Iphone or Ipod applications can be used as navigator for the exhibition. This technology is already available in Iphone but the key is to know how to use it to promote this business. These applications can serve their purpose by helping the audience make up their opinion about the exhibition. The museum can provide information on the content of the exhibition on such Iphone applications. This was the audience can

Environmental And Social Impacts Of Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental And Social Impacts Of Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan is blessed by many things; forests are one of them, which cover 4.224 million Hectare (ha) which is 4.8% of the total land area (Wildlife of Pakistan). Out of these 4604 ha area is covered by forests in Khyber-pakhun-khwa (KPK) and Northern areas. Â  Between 1981 and 1990, there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the Tropical Asia and Oceania, which Pakistan is a part of. During 21st century, 1.6% deforestation had been occurring each year. This is an alarming situation and needs to be stalled and then reversed, if possible (Wildlife Pakistan). Deforestation is a great threat against ecosystem and deteriorating the relationship between human and ecosystem. It is a main reason of Global Warming. The conventional view of deforestation is that rural people overexploits forests for local consumptive use and also the timber and woods traders using all possible ways to smuggle woods. The demand of people of consumption of wood is increasing, according to bureau of statistics; the consumption of wood in 1993 was 29.5 million cubic meters where as in the year 2010 it was around 50 million cubic meters. Pakistan, at present, is producing only 14 million cubic meters of wood. Over 80 percent of the population in KPK is below the poverty level, which consumes available natural resources for their survival, which results to deforestation. Deforestation contributes in the lacking of Biodiversity by affecting the Wild Life in forests. It is the main source of causing climate change, which results to Global warming, which is the major problem of the world, it is the reason of the dramatic change in temperature, from which Pakistan is suffering. No recycling of water, less carbondioxcide and nitrogen exchange, more decertification, soil erosion, decrease in rainfall rate indicates the alarming rate of deforestation. The area where this research has been conducted is Basho valley which is located in Batistan region in the northern areas of Pakistan. The valley ascends from the southern side of the Indus river with the altitude of 2060 approximately above the level of the sea towards Banak La mountain at 5500m. The findings show that the forest has been decreased 50% in Basho valley and the rate decreased after establishment of the valley in 1968. 1950 people of the population of the valley which depends on the forest for energy necessities, cooking purposes, and heating. The theory of huge deforestation due to fast population growth and local use; the study did not support this theory. The study indicates that the improved convenience combined with mismanagement of the forest department which is main factor in deforestation in Basho valley. The forest department is very much involved in deforestation as they support all the illegal commercial harvesting on a large scale. Damage to the forest in the valley has done due to the authorities of the superiors in forest department. A lot of woods which is fallen or green from the valley forest has been taken by the outsiders or the contractors using some informal permits which is called chits and the officers of the government department has given incentives from this systems by receiving payments. As by local elders the contractors took wood around ten times more than the quota which was allocated to them officially for the construction of government buildings. The contractors then sell out the woods in Skardu market to earn or they build their own shops and houses. The result of the corrupt performance or activities done by the government faculty or the increased access to a forest in the last thirty years; the forest has been reduced significantly. The methodology which is used in the study is that the qualitative data which has been selected for the study by the author in 8 years. During this period of time he meet with the officers of forest department, he also get interacted with the forest contractors and few people of the valley which includes men and women. Interviews has been conducted which was both individual and group in the three different workshops which was conducted by Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Norwegian University of Life Science. At least ten people attended the workshop who was representative of the different villages near Basho valley. Some meetings were also arranged in each village. Almost 95 people attended all the workshops in which 65 were women and 30 were men. The interview has also taken by the officers of the Basho development organization. As like this several interviews were conducted there in valley from local jeep owners who transport woods to the people, from the local volunteers and 16 stakeholders in which two were women and 14 were men. Survey was also conducted in different villages with different group discussions and some key respondent interviews and this period was of six months. These fieldworks were also consisted of survey of price, natural resource and village profiles. For the improving of historic information about Basho valleys forest; two pictures were taken, the first one is Landsat Multispectral scanner (MSS) image which was of 20 July 1976 and Landsat-7(ETM+) image which was of 16 august 2002. Rafi khan S., and S. Rafi khan (2009) Assessing poverty:deforestation links: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 2607-2618 Keywords: Ecological degradation Deforestation Poverty Local institutions Resource management The literature analyzes the linkage between poverty and deforestation in Swat valley, KPK. As the poor community has no approach to energy resources like Oil and Gas, so they depend upon wood and timber more than other classes of the country, which results to deforestation. But the hypothesis of the researchers stood wrongs and they debated further that poverty has no link with deforestation. This study has highlighted the historical, empirical and institutional aspects of deforestation. Historically, the research took out the history of 16th century, where forests were protected by the institution and departments assigned for forests by the Walis (Kings) of Swat Valley. When in 20thcentury, Swat was merged into Pakistan in 1969; forests were ignored due to poor managerial and the policies of Pakistan. By reason of rapid rise in Timber prices, the forest departments, for more incentives, collude with Forest Mafias than to protect forests. The corrupt department and the lack of communication between revenue department and forestry also helped in speeding up the exploitation of forests. Locals of Swat valley depend on the forests for daily life use and are also a main source of income for them. Such dependency and also historical and institutional evolution clearly describe the rights of locals on these resources. It is required for Pakistan to look after the managerial skills of forestry department and prevent them for colluding with Forest Mafias. Only such policies can avoid the exploitation of these resources. The sample were selected in the study and that was of 12 villages of Swat; in which five villages from low eco zone, four from mid zone and three from high zone. Information of household was collected by 403 households. For the qualitative analysis 200 households were selected for information from six additional villages from high zone. For the analysis of resource dependence, information was collected on resource income (RI) as the dependent variable and the independent variables included income from other sources or non-resource income (NRI) and livestock numbers (LS), given their potential impact on resource degradation. The total aggregate income was derived from: natural resources (fuel wood collection, timber, fodder, no timber forest products, fish, and forest royalties); agriculture (crops and orchards as an annual figure including both kharif(summer) and rabi (winter) seasoncrops); livestock; employment; donations/transfers; forest royalties; and rental income. Ali T., M. Ahmad, Babar and Abid (2007) Impact of participatory forest management on financial assets of rural communities in Northwest Pakistan Ecological economics 63 (2007) 588-593 Keywords: Northwest Pakistan Participatory forestry Financial assets Livelihood strategies Research paper indicates the relationship between forest management and the livelihood of locals of KPK. It is shown in the paper that the cash needs of local communities is not dependent on natural resources like forests but rather non-cash needs are dependent on forest like use of wood in day to day needs such as cooking, constructions etc. Interviews with different people of local community show how forest management is difficult for locals. They say, people living on mountains are completely dependent on forest for survival as they have no other ways available, unlike people living on lowland like Punjab. It is further argued, that locals cannot be motivated for forest management before giving them economical benefits. These are the reasons which are involved in deforestation in KPK. To avoid deforestation in KPK, government must give priority to the needs of locals which are dependent on forest such availability of resources like Oil and Gas, economical benefits etc. Locals must be employed on the conservation of forest and incentives should be given to them. Government should focus on people at macro level and should work on microcredit and infrastructure development before the implementation of macro projects. The study shows that two main districts were selected of NWFP (KPK) which was Mansehra and Swat because these two districts were having maximum forest cover. In these two districts there were two types of villages, project villages and non project villages. Eight villages were selected randomly which consist of four from each districts in which two were project villages and two were non project villages. For quantitative data survey were conducted with a questionnaire. 400 households were selected in both districts. 200 were from each district in which 100 from project villages and 100 from non project villages. Tahir S.N.A. , M.Rafique, A.S. Alaamer. (2010) Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan Environmental Pollution 158 (2010) 2490- 2495 Keywords: Deforestation Biomass burning Brick kilns Green house gas emission The article indicates the impact of biomass fuel burning due to deforestation and greenhouse gasses emission. Pakistan has an average population of 170 million and average growth in population is 2.4%. Whereas 54% of energy requirement is met from conventional means and the remaining 46% from natural resources like wood and coal. Forests in Pakistan cover a total area of 2.4%, and deforestation rate in Pakistan 1.68%. Gasses emission from human body and brick making in big cities s higher that fresh environment due to forests. This results to polluting of environment. As Pakistan imports coal from foreign countries, therefore, it is expensive for brick maker to use coal, so they prefer to use wood which is comparatively cheaper, which results to deforestation. The study has found out the consumption of wood by brick builder due to deforestation is estimated to be 1378,000 m3. Global warming is assessed to be increasing rapidly due to high rate of greenhouse gasses emission. Researcher has found out these results for helping others for study in same field. For the collection of data 180 brick kilns of 18 provincial divisions in all of four provinces of Pakistan were selected. In each division 10 brick units were randomly selected and surveyed and this was questionnaire based. The emission of total carbon is estimated by applying the basic methodology. This was done by multiplying the quantity of biomass burnt (t dm) by the fraction of biomass oxidized and the biomass carbon content (t C/t dm) (IPCC,1994). The default value of 0.9 is used for the fraction of biomass oxidized. Whereas, for woody biomass, a conversion factor of 0.5 t C/tdmis used. (Ct = Mt *Mf) Where in Equation (1), Ct, Mt and Mf represent total biomass burnt(tdm),fraction of biomass oxidized(0.9)and woody biomass carbon content(0.5tC/tdm) respectively.TheemissionofCO2 from fuel wood burning can be estimated by conversion of total carbon content(tC) to Carbon dioxide content (tCO2) using the conversion ratio of 44 t CO2/12 t C (Ct = Mt _*Mf) Qasim M. , K. Hubacek, M, Termansen, A. Khan (2011) Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern in District Swat, Hindu Kush Himalayan region of Pakistan Applied Geography 31 (2011) 820-828 Keywords: Spatial analysis Land use change Land degradation Remote sensing GIS Deforestation Swat Pakistan According to Pakistani officials the forest are increasing due to deforestation and environmental awareness. In a contrast with Pakistani officials, international researches and statistics shows a rapid rate of increasing in deforestation have is 1.68% annually. This study is about the difference between Pakistani and international statistics. In this study District Swat is taken as a subject matter which is a part of the high altitude Hindu Kush Himalaya region of Pakistan comprising a diverse set of biophysical, ecological and socio-economic characteristics. The forest land in converting into agriculture land and also uses for developmental reasons like roads, infrastructure and construction etc. which results to deforestation in the locality. In Kalam, forest area is decreased by 30.5%; with 11.4% of the deforestation caused by agricultural expansion. In Malamjaba, forests decreased by 49.7% over the last 40 years. Agricultural land expanded by 77.6%. In the Barikot region, forest cover area decreased to 9.5% in 2007, whereas the built up areas increased by 161.4%, and agricultural land expanded by 129.9% consuming 18.96% of forest area in 2007. Annual deforestation rates observed were 1.86% in scrub forest zone, 1.28% in agro-forest zone and 0.80% in pine forest zone in Swat. Growth of agriculture has largely been achieved at the cost of forests. It is concluded that the claim of Pakistani officials of increasing in forest is wrong but rather decreasing rapidly which is alarming. The area where this research has done is district Swat. It is a valley located in a north west of Pakistan consists of many forests. The study was conducted in a form of area divided into three zones i-e zone (A), zone (B) and zone (C). The data selected through maps of different zones and its start from baseline of October 1968 then the Swat state was merged with Pakistan. The next data were selected in 1990 with 2 decades gap in which few important changes took place. The last data was taken out in 2007 which was last available data. The other method used is remote sensing techniques using aerial photograph and satellite images. It provides the areas in the three vegetation zone.

Electronic Communication and the Negative Impact of Miscommunication Es

Electronic communications, improve efficiency and productivity, but poorly written emails can cause internal strife, low morale, and loss of clients. Effective written communication will enhance internal communications as well as external communications. The ability to write effectively is a core skill that all employees, no matter what their title is, should master. If the content of an email is unclear, grammatically incorrect or is full of typos, the email will cause misunderstandings and the possible loss of business. A chain reaction of emails or letters will occur, questioning the next course of action and clients will undoubtedly believe that we will treat them with the same carelessness we took in creating that correspondence. Case in point, a letter was recently sent to one of our clients misquoting our fees, a second letter was sent to the client correcting the fee, but was addressed to the wrong person. We have since lost this client. Jonathan Hershberg, president of Opus Associates, a communications training developer based in New York, states, "If I get an e-mail that's full of errors and I know nothing else about you," Hershberg says, "there's no reason for me not to think you'll handle my business in the same way you handled that writing.† (Moerke, A, 2004) We have seen an example of this kind of writing. A benefit distribution memo was created for the wife of a deceased participant. The salutation of the letter addressed the deceased, not the wife. Correspondences regarding death benefits require special attention. Correspondence should never be addresses to the deceased. All writers should use the method of prewriting, brainstorming, writing and organizing, revising for style, and proofreading to produce memos, letters, emails, and reports The suggested percentage of time spent on each writing step is as follows: (Jaderstrom, Miller, and Office Pro June 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prewriting 12.5%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brainstorming 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing and organizing 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revising for style 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proofreading 12.5%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emails are less formal then letters or memorandums; and the authors of emails tend to abbreviate words and use slang to get his or her meaning across quickly. This may be acceptable for communication inside the company, but it will confuse external clients. John Patrick, President of Attitud... ...ding and spellchecking the content before sending to our internal or external clients. The clients will notice the change in the professionalism of our writing. Overall, the outcome can only benefit the company and its employees. References Crainer, Stuart, Dearlove, Des, Across the Board (2004) Making yourself Understood – The New Language of Business, 41, Issue 3, Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Jaderstrom, Susan, Miller, Joanne, Office Pro (2004) - Writing with Purpose Business Source Premier , 64, Issue 5 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Moerke, Amy, (2004) Business Writing Brushup Sales & Marketing Management, 156, Issue 5 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Shea, Gordon F, Training & Development, (1992) A Case for Clear Writing, 46 Issue 1, p63, Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Hudson Valley Business Journal (2001) Email underlines need for better business writing skills,. 11, Issue 26 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Reed Business Information Ltd. Personnel Today, (2004), p18, 2p Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database

ns

Signing Away Rights Khaled Hosseini’s novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, portrays the struggles of two women living under Taliban law in Afghanistan. Many thousands of women are restricted to their homes because the Taliban permits them from contributing to society, seeking education, or even leaving their property without a male relative present. Because women continue to face this oppression, 97% of women in the country show symptoms of depression (Woolf Internet). Women in Afghanistan are prohibited from having the right to make their own decisions because of gender discrimination.In the book, Mariam faced ongoing gender discrimination, but two events mirrored each other and portrayed huge significance. When Mariam was forced to marry Rasheed, she needed to sign a contract, just as she did before her execution, twenty seven years later. But what does one’s signature symbolize? It symbolizes their approval to whatever is written in the document. Mariam was sent off to R asheed against her will. â€Å"But I’ve seen nine-year-old girls given to men twenty years older than your suitor, Mariam. We all have. What are you, fifteen? That’s a good, solid marrying age for a girl,† (pg. 4). This is an example of a problem that practically all women in Afghanistan face because they have no rights and are treated as prizes to be given away. Twenty seven years later, Mariam killed Rasheed in order to defend Laila and was sent to prison. â€Å"†¦Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always,† (pg. 323). Mariam recalled Nana’s wisdom as she awaited her execution. This quote shows that women are evidentally inferior to men in the Afganistan society and will be accused of crimes that they did or did not do regardless.Mariam stayed mute during both events because she knew that her protests would not be heard, and she’d be overruled by the Mullah. These events symbol ize the injustice that women face, but have to bear because society cannot be changed according to their whim. The things that happened to Mariam and Laila were not unusual events. Having women forced to do things against their will was a common occurrence in Afghanistan. â€Å"87% of women are illiterate and only 30% of women in Afghanistan have access to education,† (Taylor Internet).These startling statistics show that women are not valued as much as men are and are one of the reasons why they are taken advantage of. â€Å"Seventy to eighty percent of women face forced marriages, and as a result, one in every three Afghan women experience physical, psychological, or sexual violence, (Taylor Internet)†. Looking at these facts, women do not have a choice about almost anything. The small percent of women who do have rights to certain things in Afghanistan are only getting the average rights that other women, who live in more developed areas of the world, usually get al l the time.This is all because women are not considered to be equal to men and because they are treated differently, the average life expectancy for a woman in Afghanistan is only 44 years (Taylor Internet). Although Afghanistan is known for its cruel Taliban laws, few changes have been welcomed. Hamid Kurzai, the Afghanistan president, stated, â€Å"Men and women have equal rights under Islam but there are differences in the way men and women are created, (Boone Internet). † Women are now allowed to refuse sex from their husband if she is sick or has a reasonable excuse.Women are also allowed to leave the home without permission when there is an emergency forcing her to do so. With that statement, he passed a new law that gives women slightly more freedom, but still to an unreasonable extent. To this day, Afghanistan women are still portrayed as unequal and inferior just as Mariam and Laila were treated in the book. When Mariam signed the contracts twice in the book, once to Rasheed and again when she accepted her execution, she gave away her life and all the unjust rights that she had along with it.Practically all women residing in Afghanistan have to deal with these situations on a daily basis because they are prohibited to make their own decisions due to being of ‘inferior’ female gender. On a side note, Taliban law has been weakening throughout the years. Campaigns and protests against the restrictions on women, although not fully successful, are helping women in Afghanistan a little more every day and give them hope of freedom. -Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns, May 22, 2007 Human’s Rights Watch, Afghanistan: New Law Threatens Women’s Freedom, Human’s Rights Watch, April 14, 2009, http://www. hrw. org/news/2009/04/14/afghanistan-new-law-threatens-women-s-freedom -Rupert Taylor, Women’s Rights Abused In Afghanistan, Middle Eastern Affairs, April 20, 2009, http://rupert-taylor. suite101. com/womens-r ights-abused-in-afghanistan-a111098 -Jon Boone, ‘Worse Than The Taliban’ –New Law Rolls Back Rights For Afghan Women’ , World News, March 30, 2009, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2009/mar/31/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-law

Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essays

Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essays Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essay Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essay To appease the workers in their Jobs by giving some prosperity gift or benefits. 3. To develop the office management of ML in other to have a better company relationship between the superior to his subordinate. Areas of Consideration Analysis: The Main Problem is the style of leadership Mr.. Gang is a dictatorial leader that uses negative approach to his subordinates. All decision-making power is theirs, unrealistic in demands, uses excessive discipline and punishment, and does not allow others to question decisions or authority. Like what he did to Ian Michael he agree with the proposal. That became the cause of their conflict that lead to Ian Michael to submit a resignation letter. Alternative Courses of Action: In alternative course of action I will specify the possible and most viable solution to solve the problems. First Mr.. Gang should change his, style of his leadership so that he could not have an argument/ conflict Like what happen between him and Ian Michael. In addition to that to lessen the high rate of turnovers, to appease the workers in tenet Sods Day Glenn some prosperity glut or Benefits, and to develop the office management of ML in other to have a better company relationship between the superior to his subordinate. If possible they can use what Ian Michael proposal in motivating the employee to have a better organization. Recommendation: The best solution that I could recommend is to back Ian Michael to the company his a big help to the company to improve the organization. In addition, Like what I said to my other statement Mr.. Gang should change his style of leadership so that the company could avoid a conflict like what happen between Ian Michael and Mr.. Gang. Conclusion/ Detailed Action Plan As early as possible, Mr.. Gang should approach Ian Michael to go back to the company and offer a higher position for him to grab the offer. Then Mr.. Gang should change his attitude in communicating with his subordinate. They should held a meeting at least twice a month to tackle all the happenings inside the organization. In addition to that they should also held a team building to improve the team work of the employees of the company.

Mis Development Essays - Information Technology Management

Mis Development Essays - Information Technology Management Mis Development MIS Development The term Management Information Systems (MIS) has come to refer to a wide range of applications of computers to data processing and analysis problems in the private and public sectors. The pace of developments in computing in general, and MIS in particular, is breathtaking. Traditional concepts of how computers can and should be integrated into businesses are being challenged by worldwide telecommunications and transmission of sound, graphics, and video alongside of text. Virtually all successful businesses use computers extensively. If you don't like computers, and want to have a career in business that involves little use of themthink again. You don't have to like them, but you will have to deal with them extensively. This is a fact of life along with the hole in the ozone, Oklahoma City, TWA 800, AIDS, and The Real World on MTV (now in its fifth season!). Computers can have a profound impact on the way that power is distributed in society. Those who ignore computers are apt to be left out of important decisions. You may even become the person in your firm who has responsibility for your firm's use of information technology. Nevertheless, many people have little understanding of what computers are and what they can do. There is a desperate need in our society for liberally educated people who are able to balance the enormous possibilities of computing with its potentially harmful consequences. In the business world, there has been a gap between those who are computer smart and those who speak the language of business. You need to know enough about computers to be able to: understand how computers support decision making and how they can be used to obtain strategic advantages; understand the challenges posed by the rise of the Internet; understand how the computer works in order to have a feel for the computer's limitations; understand how data is stored and managed; understand how to store and retrieve data yourself; understand the different types of computer systems and when one type or another is appropriate; understand how the overall parts of an MIS system work together and what some of the functions that they accomplish are; understand how to state computer system requirements and understand how computer systems are built; understand how computing is managed in the corporate environment; understand some of the social issues which computers raise. Achieving these objectives will give you the tools you will need to function effectively in the business environment. Bibliography www.gorgetown.com

Overall Reaction to Crash Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overall Reaction to Crash - Movie Review Example From this discussion it is clear that  the movie shows how circumstances in life affect the thinking and actions of an individual. The reporter likes the fact that is depicted in the movie that more often it is the circumstances that makes an individual good or bad. Two characters that he likes the most and that prove the above statement are that of John and Tommy. John due to the various circumstances in his life has developed a negative and hatred attitude towards black people. It is depicted in the way he treats Camille and Shaniqua in two different circumstances.This study discusses that  the two moments that I feel the most significant are the moment between Camille and John inside the truck and the one where little Lara tries to protect her father (Daniel) from being shot by Farhad. The first one is significant because it shows how under an emergency people try to forget their differences and come together to fight for a common cause. Here, both John and Camille have differ ences with each other and in spite John risks his life to save Camille’s life. The emotional connect between the two and the way she looks at him while she is taken away is very significant. The transformation in John’s character can be seen in the scene. In the other moment, young Lara’s character shows love and selflessness. This act of Lara brings in a transformation in Frahad.  This one moment changes his attitude towards life.

Altera Supply chain & Logisitics Management Essay

Altera Supply chain & Logisitics Management - Essay Example However, considering the emerging realities, come 2001, Altera’s inventory model started exhibiting the essential flaws of a push based supply chain. Altera successively failed to react appropriately to unpredictably changing demand patterns (Cohen & Roussel 2004). Going by the precarious shelf life of Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), its augmenting inventory started to get more vulnerable to the risk of being obsolete. Owing to the bullwhip effect, the inventory pile up further worsened. A lack of coordination with the customers also deteriorated the services levels extended by Altera (Cohen & Roussel 2004). Hence, Altera was left with no other option but to change or perish. Thus the intended and expected benefits of a push based supply chain that is cost minimization and optimal resource allocation started to appear elusive in the light of a debilitating write down. One plausible option was that Altera could have resorted to a pure pull based supply chain to diminish the inventory levels. However, this would not have been a pragmatic strategy owing to varied reasons. First, considering the long lead times from the fabrication to the customer would have practically obliterated the possibility of a viable pull based supply chain (Handfield & Nichols 1998). Going by the long life cycle of semiconductors, it is next to impossible to react fast to the incoming demand data and information. Secondly, even if, and it’s a big if in the technology sector, a pull based strategy would have been put in place, it would have negated the viability of achieving economies of scale, while manufacturing (Handfield & Nichols 1998). So the appropriate supply chain strategy for Altera, going by the very nature of PLD manufacturing, would have been a hybrid of push and pull strategy. This is exactly what Altera opted for. Therefore, as expected the eventual new strategy chosen by Altera is Push-Pull supply chain. As per the fundamentals of this strategy, Altera deci ded to let the initial stages of the supply chain, right up to the manufacturing of die banks be push based, while the remaining part of supply chain that began with the confirmation of the order from the customers to be pull based. Thus in the new strategy, the push-pull boundary rested at the testing, packaging and shipping of the PLDs. This in a way offered Altera the best of both worlds. While the push part of the strategy allowed it to minimize costs, affect optimal resource allocation and deal with long lead times, the pull part of the strategy allowed it to maximize the customers’ service levels and allow for apt responsiveness to demand alterations (Blanchard 2010). Realistically speaking, Altera’s new strategy could positively be expected to be a success, as it is the most appropriate supply strategy for the mix of demand uncertainty and the requisite economies of scale that PLDs entail. Besides, Altera’s new strategy makes it feasible to base demand es timates on aggregate forecasts, thereby adding to its reliability and chances of success (Blanchard 2010). The already initiated digital supply chain integration with the customers will further consolidate this new strategy. Customers’ Response Altera’s customers, if well informed will certainly react